The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation: Endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society.
Identifieur interne : 002710 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 002709; suivant : 002711The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation: Endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society.
Auteurs : Charalambos Vlachopoulos [Grèce] ; Panagiotis Xaplanteris [Grèce] ; Victor Aboyans [France] ; Marianne Brodmann [Autriche] ; Renata Cífková [République tchèque] ; Francesco Cosentino [Suède] ; Marco De Carlo [Italie] ; Augusto Gallino [Suisse] ; Ulf Landmesser [Allemagne] ; Stéphane Laurent [France] ; John Lekakis [Grèce] ; Dimitri P. Mikhailidis [Royaume-Uni] ; Katerina K. Naka [Grèce] ; Athanasios D. Protogerou [Grèce] ; Damiano Rizzoni [Italie] ; Arno Schmidt-Trucks Ss [Suisse] ; Luc Van Bortel [Belgique] ; Thomas Weber [Autriche] ; Akira Yamashina [Japon] ; Reuven Zimlichman [Israël] ; Pierre Boutouyrie [France] ; John Cockcroft [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael O'Rourke [Australie] ; Jeong Bae Park [Corée du Sud] ; Giuseppe Schillaci [Italie] ; Henrik Sillesen [Danemark] ; Raymond R. Townsend [États-Unis]Source :
- Atherosclerosis [ 1879-1484 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Analyse coût-bénéfice, Artères carotides (imagerie diagnostique), Cardiologie (normes), Europe, Humains, Hémodynamique, Index de pression systolique cheville-bras, Maladies cardiovasculaires (diagnostic), Maladies cardiovasculaires (sang), Marqueurs biologiques (métabolisme), Marqueurs biologiques (sang), Plan de recherche, Prise de décision, Protéine C-réactive (métabolisme), Prévention primaire, Prévention secondaire, Rigidité vasculaire, Risque, Résultat thérapeutique, Sociétés médicales, Vieillissement, Échographie, Épaisseur intima-média carotidienne.
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Maladies cardiovasculaires.
- imagerie diagnostique : Artères carotides.
- métabolisme : Marqueurs biologiques, Protéine C-réactive.
- normes : Cardiologie.
- sang : Maladies cardiovasculaires, Marqueurs biologiques.
- Analyse coût-bénéfice, Europe, Humains, Hémodynamique, Index de pression systolique cheville-bras, Plan de recherche, Prise de décision, Prévention primaire, Prévention secondaire, Rigidité vasculaire, Risque, Résultat thérapeutique, Sociétés médicales, Vieillissement, Échographie, Épaisseur intima-média carotidienne.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aging, Ankle Brachial Index, Biomarkers (blood), Biomarkers (metabolism), C-Reactive Protein (metabolism), Cardiology (standards), Cardiovascular Diseases (blood), Cardiovascular Diseases (diagnosis), Carotid Arteries (diagnostic imaging), Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Decision Making, Europe, Hemodynamics, Humans, Primary Prevention, Research Design, Risk, Secondary Prevention, Societies, Medical, Treatment Outcome, Ultrasonography, Vascular Stiffness.
- MESH :
- chemical , blood : Biomarkers.
- chemical , metabolism : Biomarkers, C-Reactive Protein.
- blood : Cardiovascular Diseases.
- diagnosis : Cardiovascular Diseases.
- diagnostic imaging : Carotid Arteries.
- standards : Cardiology.
- Aging, Ankle Brachial Index, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Decision Making, Europe, Hemodynamics, Humans, Primary Prevention, Research Design, Risk, Secondary Prevention, Societies, Medical, Treatment Outcome, Ultrasonography, Vascular Stiffness.
Abstract
While risk scores are invaluable tools for adapted preventive strategies, a significant gap exists between predicted and actual event rates. Additional tools to further stratify the risk of patients at an individual level are biomarkers. A surrogate endpoint is a biomarker that is intended as a substitute for a clinical endpoint. In order to be considered as a surrogate endpoint of cardiovascular events, a biomarker should satisfy several criteria, such as proof of concept, prospective validation, incremental value, clinical utility, clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, ease of use, methodological consensus, and reference values. We scrutinized the role of peripheral (i.e. not related to coronary circulation) noninvasive vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. Most of the biomarkers examined fit within the concept of early vascular aging. Biomarkers that fulfill most of the criteria and, therefore, are close to being considered a clinical surrogate endpoint are carotid ultrasonography, ankle-brachial index and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; biomarkers that fulfill some, but not all of the criteria are brachial ankle pulse wave velocity, central haemodynamics/wave reflections and C-reactive protein; biomarkers that do no not at present fulfill essential criteria are flow-mediated dilation, endothelial peripheral arterial tonometry, oxidized LDL and dysfunctional HDL. Nevertheless, it is still unclear whether a specific vascular biomarker is overly superior. A prospective study in which all vascular biomarkers are measured is still lacking. In selected cases, the combined assessment of more than one biomarker may be required.
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007
PubMed: 26117398
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Corée du Sud, Danemark, France, Grèce, Israël, Italie, Japon, Royaume-Uni, République tchèque, Suisse, Suède, États-Unis
- Attique (région), Berlin, Bohême centrale, Limousin, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Pennsylvanie, Province de Flandre-Orientale, Région capitale de Séoul, Région de Kantō, Toscane, Île-de-France
- Athènes, Berlin, Gand, Limoges, Paris, Philadelphie, Pise, Prague, Sydney, Séoul, Tokyo
- Université Paris-Descartes, Université de Gand
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Le document en format XML
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France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service de Pharmacologie and INSERM U 970, Université Paris-Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lekakis, John" sort="Lekakis, John" uniqKey="Lekakis J" first="John" last="Lekakis">John Lekakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>2(nd) Department of Cardiology, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>2(nd) Department of Cardiology, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikhailidis, Dimitri P" sort="Mikhailidis, Dimitri P" uniqKey="Mikhailidis D" first="Dimitri P" last="Mikhailidis">Dimitri P. Mikhailidis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London NW3 2QG</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naka, Katerina K" sort="Naka, Katerina K" uniqKey="Naka K" first="Katerina K" last="Naka">Katerina K. Naka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>2(nd) Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>2(nd) Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ioannina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Protogerou, Athanasios D" sort="Protogerou, Athanasios D" uniqKey="Protogerou A" first="Athanasios D" last="Protogerou">Athanasios D. Protogerou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hypertension Unit & Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, 1st Department of Internal & Propedeutic Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Hypertension Unit & Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, 1st Department of Internal & Propedeutic Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>National & Kapodistrian University of Athens</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzoni, Damiano" sort="Rizzoni, Damiano" uniqKey="Rizzoni D" first="Damiano" last="Rizzoni">Damiano Rizzoni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Brescia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt Trucks Ss, Arno" sort="Schmidt Trucks Ss, Arno" uniqKey="Schmidt Trucks Ss A" first="Arno" last="Schmidt-Trucks Ss">Arno Schmidt-Trucks Ss</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4052 Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bortel, Luc" sort="Van Bortel, Luc" uniqKey="Van Bortel L" first="Luc" last="Van Bortel">Luc Van Bortel</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, Thomas" sort="Weber, Thomas" uniqKey="Weber T" first="Thomas" last="Weber">Thomas Weber</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cardiology Department, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Cardiology Department, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wels</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamashina, Akira" sort="Yamashina, Akira" uniqKey="Yamashina A" first="Akira" last="Yamashina">Akira Yamashina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 160-0023 Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 160-0023 Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zimlichman, Reuven" sort="Zimlichman, Reuven" uniqKey="Zimlichman R" first="Reuven" last="Zimlichman">Reuven Zimlichman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine and Hypertension Institute, Brunner Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine and Hypertension Institute, Brunner Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Holon 58100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boutouyrie, Pierre" sort="Boutouyrie, Pierre" uniqKey="Boutouyrie P" first="Pierre" last="Boutouyrie">Pierre Boutouyrie</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and INSERM U970, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and INSERM U970, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cockcroft, John" sort="Cockcroft, John" uniqKey="Cockcroft J" first="John" last="Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff CF14 4XN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff CF14 4XN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Rourke, Michael" sort="O Rourke, Michael" uniqKey="O Rourke M" first="Michael" last="O'Rourke">Michael O'Rourke</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>St Vincent's Clinic, University of New South Wales, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>St Vincent's Clinic, University of New South Wales, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jeong Bae" sort="Park, Jeong Bae" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jeong Bae" last="Park">Jeong Bae Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cheil General Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul 100-380, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cheil General Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul 100-380</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schillaci, Giuseppe" sort="Schillaci, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Schillaci G" first="Giuseppe" last="Schillaci">Giuseppe Schillaci</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia and Terni University Hospital, Terni, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia and Terni University Hospital, Terni</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Terni</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sillesen, Henrik" sort="Sillesen, Henrik" uniqKey="Sillesen H" first="Henrik" last="Sillesen">Henrik Sillesen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Copenhagen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Townsend, Raymond R" sort="Townsend, Raymond R" uniqKey="Townsend R" first="Raymond R" last="Townsend">Raymond R. Townsend</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Philadelphie</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26117398</idno><idno type="pmid">26117398</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002A57</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002A57</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002987</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002987</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002987</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002987</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002767</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">002767</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">002767</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">002710</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">002710</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">002710</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation: Endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society.</title><author><name sortKey="Vlachopoulos, Charalambos" sort="Vlachopoulos, Charalambos" uniqKey="Vlachopoulos C" first="Charalambos" last="Vlachopoulos">Charalambos Vlachopoulos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xaplanteris, Panagiotis" sort="Xaplanteris, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Xaplanteris P" first="Panagiotis" last="Xaplanteris">Panagiotis Xaplanteris</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aboyans, Victor" sort="Aboyans, Victor" uniqKey="Aboyans V" first="Victor" last="Aboyans">Victor Aboyans</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Limousin</region><settlement type="city">Limoges</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brodmann, Marianne" sort="Brodmann, Marianne" uniqKey="Brodmann M" first="Marianne" last="Brodmann">Marianne Brodmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Angiology, University Hospital Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Angiology, University Hospital Graz, 8036 Graz</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>8036 Graz</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cifkova, Renata" sort="Cifkova, Renata" uniqKey="Cifkova R" first="Renata" last="Cífková">Renata Cífková</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiology and Angiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology and Angiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cosentino, Francesco" sort="Cosentino, Francesco" uniqKey="Cosentino F" first="Francesco" last="Cosentino">Francesco Cosentino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 171 76 Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>171 76 Stockholm</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Carlo, Marco" sort="De Carlo, Marco" uniqKey="De Carlo M" first="Marco" last="De Carlo">Marco De Carlo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Ospedale Cisanello, 56124 Pisa, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Ospedale Cisanello, 56124 Pisa</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pise</settlement><region nuts="2">Toscane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallino, Augusto" sort="Gallino, Augusto" uniqKey="Gallino A" first="Augusto" last="Gallino">Augusto Gallino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Vascular Medicine, Ospedale San Giovanni, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Vascular Medicine, Ospedale San Giovanni, 6500 Bellinzona</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>6500 Bellinzona</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landmesser, Ulf" sort="Landmesser, Ulf" uniqKey="Landmesser U" first="Ulf" last="Landmesser">Ulf Landmesser</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CBF), 12203 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CBF), 12203 Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurent, Stephane" sort="Laurent, Stephane" uniqKey="Laurent S" first="Stéphane" last="Laurent">Stéphane Laurent</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Service de Pharmacologie and INSERM U 970, Université Paris-Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service de Pharmacologie and INSERM U 970, Université Paris-Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lekakis, John" sort="Lekakis, John" uniqKey="Lekakis J" first="John" last="Lekakis">John Lekakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>2(nd) Department of Cardiology, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>2(nd) Department of Cardiology, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikhailidis, Dimitri P" sort="Mikhailidis, Dimitri P" uniqKey="Mikhailidis D" first="Dimitri P" last="Mikhailidis">Dimitri P. Mikhailidis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London NW3 2QG</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naka, Katerina K" sort="Naka, Katerina K" uniqKey="Naka K" first="Katerina K" last="Naka">Katerina K. Naka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>2(nd) Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>2(nd) Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ioannina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Protogerou, Athanasios D" sort="Protogerou, Athanasios D" uniqKey="Protogerou A" first="Athanasios D" last="Protogerou">Athanasios D. Protogerou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hypertension Unit & Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, 1st Department of Internal & Propedeutic Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Hypertension Unit & Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, 1st Department of Internal & Propedeutic Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>National & Kapodistrian University of Athens</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzoni, Damiano" sort="Rizzoni, Damiano" uniqKey="Rizzoni D" first="Damiano" last="Rizzoni">Damiano Rizzoni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Brescia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt Trucks Ss, Arno" sort="Schmidt Trucks Ss, Arno" uniqKey="Schmidt Trucks Ss A" first="Arno" last="Schmidt-Trucks Ss">Arno Schmidt-Trucks Ss</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4052 Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bortel, Luc" sort="Van Bortel, Luc" uniqKey="Van Bortel L" first="Luc" last="Van Bortel">Luc Van Bortel</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, Thomas" sort="Weber, Thomas" uniqKey="Weber T" first="Thomas" last="Weber">Thomas Weber</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cardiology Department, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Cardiology Department, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wels</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamashina, Akira" sort="Yamashina, Akira" uniqKey="Yamashina A" first="Akira" last="Yamashina">Akira Yamashina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 160-0023 Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 160-0023 Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zimlichman, Reuven" sort="Zimlichman, Reuven" uniqKey="Zimlichman R" first="Reuven" last="Zimlichman">Reuven Zimlichman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine and Hypertension Institute, Brunner Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine and Hypertension Institute, Brunner Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Holon 58100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boutouyrie, Pierre" sort="Boutouyrie, Pierre" uniqKey="Boutouyrie P" first="Pierre" last="Boutouyrie">Pierre Boutouyrie</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and INSERM U970, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and INSERM U970, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cockcroft, John" sort="Cockcroft, John" uniqKey="Cockcroft J" first="John" last="Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff CF14 4XN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff CF14 4XN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Rourke, Michael" sort="O Rourke, Michael" uniqKey="O Rourke M" first="Michael" last="O'Rourke">Michael O'Rourke</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>St Vincent's Clinic, University of New South Wales, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>St Vincent's Clinic, University of New South Wales, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jeong Bae" sort="Park, Jeong Bae" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jeong Bae" last="Park">Jeong Bae Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cheil General Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul 100-380, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cheil General Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul 100-380</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schillaci, Giuseppe" sort="Schillaci, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Schillaci G" first="Giuseppe" last="Schillaci">Giuseppe Schillaci</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia and Terni University Hospital, Terni, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia and Terni University Hospital, Terni</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Terni</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sillesen, Henrik" sort="Sillesen, Henrik" uniqKey="Sillesen H" first="Henrik" last="Sillesen">Henrik Sillesen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Copenhagen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Townsend, Raymond R" sort="Townsend, Raymond R" uniqKey="Townsend R" first="Raymond R" last="Townsend">Raymond R. Townsend</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Philadelphie</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Atherosclerosis</title><idno type="eISSN">1879-1484</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aging</term><term>Ankle Brachial Index</term><term>Biomarkers (blood)</term><term>Biomarkers (metabolism)</term><term>C-Reactive Protein (metabolism)</term><term>Cardiology (standards)</term><term>Cardiovascular Diseases (blood)</term><term>Cardiovascular Diseases (diagnosis)</term><term>Carotid Arteries (diagnostic imaging)</term><term>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</term><term>Cost-Benefit Analysis</term><term>Decision Making</term><term>Europe</term><term>Hemodynamics</term><term>Humans</term><term>Primary Prevention</term><term>Research Design</term><term>Risk</term><term>Secondary Prevention</term><term>Societies, Medical</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term><term>Ultrasonography</term><term>Vascular Stiffness</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse coût-bénéfice</term><term>Artères carotides (imagerie diagnostique)</term><term>Cardiologie (normes)</term><term>Europe</term><term>Humains</term><term>Hémodynamique</term><term>Index de pression systolique cheville-bras</term><term>Maladies cardiovasculaires (diagnostic)</term><term>Maladies cardiovasculaires (sang)</term><term>Marqueurs biologiques (métabolisme)</term><term>Marqueurs biologiques (sang)</term><term>Plan de recherche</term><term>Prise de décision</term><term>Protéine C-réactive (métabolisme)</term><term>Prévention primaire</term><term>Prévention secondaire</term><term>Rigidité vasculaire</term><term>Risque</term><term>Résultat thérapeutique</term><term>Sociétés médicales</term><term>Vieillissement</term><term>Échographie</term><term>Épaisseur intima-média carotidienne</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers</term><term>C-Reactive Protein</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Cardiovascular Diseases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Cardiovascular Diseases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Maladies cardiovasculaires</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic imaging" xml:lang="en"><term>Carotid Arteries</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="imagerie diagnostique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Artères carotides</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Marqueurs biologiques</term><term>Protéine C-réactive</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="normes" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cardiologie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Maladies cardiovasculaires</term><term>Marqueurs biologiques</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="standards" xml:lang="en"><term>Cardiology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aging</term><term>Ankle Brachial Index</term><term>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</term><term>Cost-Benefit Analysis</term><term>Decision Making</term><term>Europe</term><term>Hemodynamics</term><term>Humans</term><term>Primary Prevention</term><term>Research Design</term><term>Risk</term><term>Secondary Prevention</term><term>Societies, Medical</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term><term>Ultrasonography</term><term>Vascular Stiffness</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse coût-bénéfice</term><term>Europe</term><term>Humains</term><term>Hémodynamique</term><term>Index de pression systolique cheville-bras</term><term>Plan de recherche</term><term>Prise de décision</term><term>Prévention primaire</term><term>Prévention secondaire</term><term>Rigidité vasculaire</term><term>Risque</term><term>Résultat thérapeutique</term><term>Sociétés médicales</term><term>Vieillissement</term><term>Échographie</term><term>Épaisseur intima-média carotidienne</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">While risk scores are invaluable tools for adapted preventive strategies, a significant gap exists between predicted and actual event rates. Additional tools to further stratify the risk of patients at an individual level are biomarkers. A surrogate endpoint is a biomarker that is intended as a substitute for a clinical endpoint. In order to be considered as a surrogate endpoint of cardiovascular events, a biomarker should satisfy several criteria, such as proof of concept, prospective validation, incremental value, clinical utility, clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, ease of use, methodological consensus, and reference values. We scrutinized the role of peripheral (i.e. not related to coronary circulation) noninvasive vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. Most of the biomarkers examined fit within the concept of early vascular aging. Biomarkers that fulfill most of the criteria and, therefore, are close to being considered a clinical surrogate endpoint are carotid ultrasonography, ankle-brachial index and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; biomarkers that fulfill some, but not all of the criteria are brachial ankle pulse wave velocity, central haemodynamics/wave reflections and C-reactive protein; biomarkers that do no not at present fulfill essential criteria are flow-mediated dilation, endothelial peripheral arterial tonometry, oxidized LDL and dysfunctional HDL. Nevertheless, it is still unclear whether a specific vascular biomarker is overly superior. A prospective study in which all vascular biomarkers are measured is still lacking. In selected cases, the combined assessment of more than one biomarker may be required.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Corée du Sud</li><li>Danemark</li><li>France</li><li>Grèce</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Japon</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Attique (région)</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Bohême centrale</li><li>Limousin</li><li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Province de Flandre-Orientale</li><li>Région capitale de Séoul</li><li>Région de Kantō</li><li>Toscane</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Athènes</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Gand</li><li>Limoges</li><li>Paris</li><li>Philadelphie</li><li>Pise</li><li>Prague</li><li>Sydney</li><li>Séoul</li><li>Tokyo</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Paris-Descartes</li><li>Université de Gand</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Grèce"><region name="Attique (région)"><name sortKey="Vlachopoulos, Charalambos" sort="Vlachopoulos, Charalambos" uniqKey="Vlachopoulos C" first="Charalambos" last="Vlachopoulos">Charalambos Vlachopoulos</name></region><name sortKey="Lekakis, John" sort="Lekakis, John" uniqKey="Lekakis J" first="John" last="Lekakis">John Lekakis</name><name sortKey="Naka, Katerina K" sort="Naka, Katerina K" uniqKey="Naka K" first="Katerina K" last="Naka">Katerina K. Naka</name><name sortKey="Protogerou, Athanasios D" sort="Protogerou, Athanasios D" uniqKey="Protogerou A" first="Athanasios D" last="Protogerou">Athanasios D. Protogerou</name><name sortKey="Xaplanteris, Panagiotis" sort="Xaplanteris, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Xaplanteris P" first="Panagiotis" last="Xaplanteris">Panagiotis Xaplanteris</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Nouvelle-Aquitaine"><name sortKey="Aboyans, Victor" sort="Aboyans, Victor" uniqKey="Aboyans V" first="Victor" last="Aboyans">Victor Aboyans</name></region><name sortKey="Boutouyrie, Pierre" sort="Boutouyrie, Pierre" uniqKey="Boutouyrie P" first="Pierre" last="Boutouyrie">Pierre Boutouyrie</name><name sortKey="Laurent, Stephane" sort="Laurent, Stephane" uniqKey="Laurent S" first="Stéphane" last="Laurent">Stéphane Laurent</name></country><country name="Autriche"><noRegion><name sortKey="Brodmann, Marianne" sort="Brodmann, Marianne" uniqKey="Brodmann M" first="Marianne" last="Brodmann">Marianne Brodmann</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Weber, Thomas" sort="Weber, Thomas" uniqKey="Weber T" first="Thomas" last="Weber">Thomas Weber</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><region name="Bohême centrale"><name sortKey="Cifkova, Renata" sort="Cifkova, Renata" uniqKey="Cifkova R" first="Renata" last="Cífková">Renata Cífková</name></region></country><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Cosentino, Francesco" sort="Cosentino, Francesco" uniqKey="Cosentino F" first="Francesco" last="Cosentino">Francesco Cosentino</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><region name="Toscane"><name sortKey="De Carlo, Marco" sort="De Carlo, Marco" uniqKey="De Carlo M" first="Marco" last="De Carlo">Marco De Carlo</name></region><name sortKey="Rizzoni, Damiano" sort="Rizzoni, Damiano" uniqKey="Rizzoni D" first="Damiano" last="Rizzoni">Damiano Rizzoni</name><name sortKey="Schillaci, Giuseppe" sort="Schillaci, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Schillaci G" first="Giuseppe" last="Schillaci">Giuseppe Schillaci</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gallino, Augusto" sort="Gallino, Augusto" uniqKey="Gallino A" first="Augusto" last="Gallino">Augusto Gallino</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Schmidt Trucks Ss, Arno" sort="Schmidt Trucks Ss, Arno" uniqKey="Schmidt Trucks Ss A" first="Arno" last="Schmidt-Trucks Ss">Arno Schmidt-Trucks Ss</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Berlin"><name sortKey="Landmesser, Ulf" sort="Landmesser, Ulf" uniqKey="Landmesser U" first="Ulf" last="Landmesser">Ulf Landmesser</name></region></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mikhailidis, Dimitri P" sort="Mikhailidis, Dimitri P" uniqKey="Mikhailidis D" first="Dimitri P" last="Mikhailidis">Dimitri P. Mikhailidis</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Cockcroft, John" sort="Cockcroft, John" uniqKey="Cockcroft J" first="John" last="Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Province de Flandre-Orientale"><name sortKey="Van Bortel, Luc" sort="Van Bortel, Luc" uniqKey="Van Bortel L" first="Luc" last="Van Bortel">Luc Van Bortel</name></region></country><country name="Japon"><region name="Région de Kantō"><name sortKey="Yamashina, Akira" sort="Yamashina, Akira" uniqKey="Yamashina A" first="Akira" last="Yamashina">Akira Yamashina</name></region></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zimlichman, Reuven" sort="Zimlichman, Reuven" uniqKey="Zimlichman R" first="Reuven" last="Zimlichman">Reuven Zimlichman</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="O Rourke, Michael" sort="O Rourke, Michael" uniqKey="O Rourke M" first="Michael" last="O'Rourke">Michael O'Rourke</name></region></country><country name="Corée du Sud"><region name="Région capitale de Séoul"><name sortKey="Park, Jeong Bae" sort="Park, Jeong Bae" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jeong Bae" last="Park">Jeong Bae Park</name></region></country><country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sillesen, Henrik" sort="Sillesen, Henrik" uniqKey="Sillesen H" first="Henrik" last="Sillesen">Henrik Sillesen</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Pennsylvanie"><name sortKey="Townsend, Raymond R" sort="Townsend, Raymond R" uniqKey="Townsend R" first="Raymond R" last="Townsend">Raymond R. Townsend</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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